Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) — also called Graves’ ophthalmopathy or thyroid-associated orbitopathy — is an autoimmune inflammatory condition of the orbit that occurs when the immune system attacks the tissues behind the eyes. It is most commonly, though not exclusively, associated with Graves’ disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism).
TED affects up to 50% of patients with Graves’ disease to some degree; clinically significant disease occurs in 25–30%
Severe, vision-threatening disease occurs in 3–5% of cases
Female-to-male ratio is approximately 5:1; peak incidence in the 4th and 5th decades
Smoking is the single most important modifiable risk factor — it significantly worsens disease activity and reduces response to treatment
TED can be present even when thyroid hormone levels are normal (“euthyroid Graves’ disease”)
Thyroid Eye DiseaseDisease Progression
Slide the control to visualize the progression from a healthy appearance to advanced Graves' ophthalmopathy (TED).
HealthyGraves Disease
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Graves’ Disease & How It Affects the Eye
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R). These anti-TSH-R antibodies (also called TSHR-Ab, TRAb, or TSI) do two things simultaneously:
In the thyroid: they stimulate the gland to overproduce thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism (rapid heart rate, weight loss, tremor, heat intolerance)
In the orbit: the same TSH-R is expressed on orbital fibroblasts — the antibodies activate these cells, triggering inflammation, fibrosis, and expansion of extraocular muscles and orbital fat
The result is a crowded, inflamed orbit that pushes the eye forward (proptosis), restricts eye movement, and exposes the cornea. Because the thyroid and orbital disease share the same autoimmune trigger, treatment of the thyroid does not always resolve the eye disease — and radioactive iodine treatment can sometimes worsen TED.
Thyroid Function Tests in TED
At your evaluation, thyroid function is assessed with:
TSH — low in hyperthyroidism; normal or elevated in hypothyroidism
Free T4 and Free T3 — elevated in Graves’ hyperthyroidism
TRAb / TSI — Thyroid receptor antibodies; typically elevated in active TED even when thyroid levels are controlled. These antibodies also correlate with disease activity and severity
Explore Thyroid Eye Disease
Thyroid eye disease has many facets — from how it is diagnosed to the medical and surgical treatments that rehabilitate the eye. Explore each in depth:
TED (also called Graves’ orbitopathy) is an autoimmune inflammation of the muscles and fat behind the eye. Because those tissues swell inside a fixed bony socket, the eye is pushed forward and the lids pull back. Common symptoms include:
Bulging eyes (proptosis) and a startled or staring appearance
Upper- or lower-eyelid retraction with visible white above or below the iris
Grittiness, tearing, redness, and dryness from exposure
Double vision (diplopia) when swollen muscles no longer move together
Pain with eye movement, and pressure behind the eyes
Rarely, blurred or dimmed vision from optic-nerve compression — a warning sign that needs urgent care
Active vs. Stable Disease
TED moves through two phases, and treatment depends on which you are in:
Active (inflammatory) phase: months to a couple of years of swelling and change. Activity is scored with a Clinical Activity Score (CAS); active disease is generally a CAS of at least 3 of 7. This is the window for medical, anti-inflammatory treatment.
Stable (fibrotic) phase: inflammation has burned out and measurements stop changing. This is when surgical rehabilitation is planned.
Medical Treatment
The first and most important step is controlling thyroid function and stopping smoking — smoking dramatically worsens TED and blunts treatment. For active disease, options include:
Teprotumumab (Tepezza): an IGF-1-receptor antibody, FDA-approved in January 2020 and label-expanded in 2023 to treat TED regardless of activity or duration. Response is greatest in recent-onset disease (roughly the first 9–12 months) and in patients with significant proptosis (about 3 mm or more above normal).
Corticosteroids (often IV) to calm acute inflammation.
Selenium for mild disease, and orbital radiotherapy in selected cases.
Surgical Rehabilitation
Once disease is stable, reconstruction follows a deliberate order, because each step changes the next:
Orbital decompression first — making room in the socket to move the eye back and relieve optic-nerve pressure. See Orbital Decompression.
Eyelid surgery last, to correct retraction and restore normal lid position.
Top: right lower-eyelid retraction from thyroid eye disease. Bottom: after repair with a posterior spacer graft (TarSys).
Choosing Your Care Team
TED is best co-managed by an endocrinologist and an oculoplastic surgeon; ASOPRS fellowship-trained surgeons handle decompression, strabismus, and eyelid rehabilitation and coordinate the sequence above. Find one through our surgeon directory.
Disease Activity and Why Timing Matters
Thyroid eye disease is not one fixed state — it moves through an active (inflammatory) phase that lasts months to a couple of years, then settles into a stable (fibrotic) phase. Knowing which phase you are in decides what treatment helps.
Active phase is scored with a Clinical Activity Score (CAS); a CAS of at least 3 of 7 signals active inflammation. This is the window for medical, anti-inflammatory treatment — and where teprotumumab (Tepezza) works best, with the greatest proptosis reduction in recent-onset disease (roughly the first 9–12 months) and in patients with about 3 mm or more of proptosis.
Stable phase is when measurements stop changing — the point at which surgical rehabilitation is planned, in the deliberate order of decompression → strabismus surgery → eyelid surgery.
The practical implication: operating on a still-active orbit invites relapse and re-operation, while waiting for stability — unless the optic nerve is threatened — produces more durable results. Two things do not wait for the phase, though: controlling thyroid function and stopping smoking, the strongest modifiable driver of severity.
Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), also called Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune condition associated with thyroid disease — most commonly Graves' hyperthyroidism. The immune system attacks tissues in and around the eye socket, causing inflammation, proptosis (bulging eyes), double vision, and eyelid retraction.
Does Thyroid Eye Disease go away on its own?
TED has an active inflammatory phase (typically 1–3 years) followed by a stable phase. In mild cases the changes may partially resolve. In moderate-to-severe cases, structural damage to the orbit, eye muscles, and eyelids requires surgical rehabilitation after the disease stabilizes. Tepezza (teprotumumab) is an FDA-approved infusion therapy that can reduce proptosis and diplopia during the active phase.
What is orbital decompression surgery for TED?
Orbital decompression is a procedure to enlarge the bony eye socket by removing portions of the orbital walls and/or floor, allowing the eye to move back into a more normal position. It is the primary surgical treatment for vision-threatening proptosis in TED, and may also improve appearance.
Who treats Thyroid Eye Disease?
TED is ideally managed by a multidisciplinary team including an endocrinologist (for thyroid management), a rheumatologist or ophthalmologist specializing in TED medical therapy (for Tepezza), and an oculoplastic surgeon (for orbital decompression, strabismus surgery, and eyelid rehabilitation).
What should I expect during my first consultation for Thyroid Eye Disease?
During your initial consultation, Dr. Goldbaum will perform a comprehensive eye examination, including measurements of eyelid position, eye protrusion, and eye movements to assess the severity of your condition. You'll discuss your thyroid history, current symptoms, and treatment goals, and the doctor will review imaging studies if available. The surgeon will explain your personalized treatment options—which may include medical management, injectable treatments like Tepezza, or surgical interventions—and answer any questions about the recovery process and expected outcomes.
What are the possible risks and complications of Thyroid Eye Disease surgery?
Like any surgical procedure, orbital decompression and eyelid surgery carry potential risks including infection, bleeding, and changes in vision or eye positioning. Some patients may experience temporary or permanent changes in eye movement or alignment, and there is a small risk of overcorrection or undercorrection requiring additional surgery. Dr. Goldbaum will discuss these risks in detail before your procedure and explain how their experience and technique help minimize complications, as well as what to watch for during recovery.
How long does recovery take after Thyroid Eye Disease treatment?
Recovery time varies depending on the type of treatment: injectable treatments like Tepezza typically allow you to resume normal activities immediately with minimal downtime, while surgical procedures may require 1-2 weeks off work and several weeks before full healing. You may experience swelling, bruising, or mild discomfort for the first few weeks following surgery, which gradually improves with proper care and follow-up appointments. Dr. Goldbaum will provide detailed post-operative instructions and schedule regular follow-up visits to monitor your healing and ensure optimal results.
What are the first signs of thyroid eye disease?
Early signs include a gritty, dry, or watery sensation, redness, mild bulging of the eyes (proptosis), and retraction of the eyelids so more white shows above or below the iris. Double vision and pain with eye movement can follow as the eye muscles swell.
Is Tepezza a cure for thyroid eye disease?
Teprotumumab (Tepezza), FDA-approved in January 2020 and label-expanded in 2023, can significantly reduce proptosis and inflammation, especially in recent-onset disease (about the first 9-12 months). It is a major advance but not a universal cure; some patients still need surgery, and disease can occasionally recur.
Does smoking affect thyroid eye disease?
Yes. Smoking is the strongest modifiable risk factor -- it makes thyroid eye disease more severe, more likely to progress, and less responsive to treatment. Stopping smoking is one of the most important things a patient can do.
In what order is thyroid eye disease surgery done?
When surgery is needed, it follows a set sequence once the disease is stable: orbital decompression first, then strabismus (eye-muscle) surgery for double vision, and eyelid surgery last. Each step changes the next, so the order matters.
Thyroid Eye Disease | Andrew M. Goldbaum, MD | EyePlastics
